1. Identify a research article one that completes an experiment. Enter the citation of the article in APA 7th edition formatting, in the box provided.
1. Identify a research article one that completes an experiment. Enter the citation of the article in APA 7th edition formatting, in the box provided.
2. Read the article
3. Identify the ways that the research study is culturally responsive, based on characteristics outlined in Chapter 8. (You must include at least 1 item here). Make sure you indicate why you believe the research study is culturally responsive or used a culturally responsive framework.
The article is culturally responsive in the following ways:
1.
2.
4. Identify a minimum of 3 ways that the research study could be more culturally responsive, based on characteristics outlined in Chapter 8. Make sure you indicate why you believe the research study could have been more culturally responsive or could have used a more culturally responsive framework.
The article could be more culturally responsive in the following ways:
1.
2.
3.
5. Ask your own research question about a topic in which your group is interested.
As we saw earlier in the book, an is a type of study designed specifically to answer the question of whether there is a causal relationship between two variables. In other words, whether changes in an independent variable cause changes in a dependent variable.
Experiments have two fundamental features. The first is that the researchers manipulate, or systematically vary, the level of the independent variable. The different levels of the independent variable are called. For example, in Darley and Latané’s experiment, the independent variable was the number of witnesses that participants believed to be present. The researchers manipulated this independent variable by telling participants that there were either one, two, or five other students involved in the discussion, thereby creating three conditions.
For a new researcher, it is easy toconfuse these terms by believing there are three independent variables in this situation: one, two, or five students involved in the discussion, but there is actually only one independent variable (number of witnesses) with three different conditions (one, two or five students). The second fundamental feature of an experiment is that the researcher controls, or minimizes the variability in, variables other than the independent and dependent variable.
These other variables are called. Darley and Latané tested all their participants in the same room, exposed them to the same emergency situation, and so on. They also randomly assigned their participants to conditions so that the three groups would be similar to each other to begin with. Notice that although the words manipulation and control have similar meanings in everyday language, researchers make a clear distinction between them. Theymanipulate the independent variable by systematically changing its levels andcontrol other variables by holding them constant.
When we read about psychology experiments with a critical view, one question to ask is “is this study valid?” However, that question is not as straightforward as it seems because in psychology, there are many different kinds of validities. Researchers have focused on four validities to help assess whether an experiment is sound (Judd & Kenny, 1981; Morling, 2014)[1][2]:internal validity, external validity, construct validity, and statistical validity. We will explore each validity in depth.
Recall that two variables being statistically related does not necessarily mean that one causes the other. “Correlation does not imply causation.” For example, if it were the case that people who exercise regularly are happier than people who do not exercise regularly, this implication would not necessarily mean that exercising increases people’s happiness. It could mean instead that greater happiness causes people to exercise (the directionality problem) or that something like better physical health causes people to exercise and be happier (the third-variable problem).